In English ‹ Claude Arpi

First, they invaded and forcibly occupied independent Tibet. Subsequently, to protect their flank in Tibet, the Chinese demand that Arunachal be part of China. Theoretically, even if India hands over conveniently termed Southern Tibet, they will want to occupy whole of Northeast to protect flanks of Arunachal.

China primarily feels threatened by existence of the Union of India as it challenges their ambition of being the unilateral power leading Asia. Instead of integration of the citizenry and consolidation of different regions, our shortsighted politicians extend a helping hand to China and Pakistan by dividing Indians internally for vote-bank-politics.

Indians continue to live in isolated compartments of their making without inter-linkages with the big picture. This compartmentalized thinking is a cultural defect that ensures absence of connectivity with other multiple lateral tactical pictures. These small pictures if sensibly stitched together create ‘whole’ which helps in formulation of a grand strategy.

In this volume, Indian Defence Review with the help of its contributors provides, a fairly integrated picture of the multi-dimensional threat that China poses, and offers many fresh alternatives.
IN THIS VOLUME:
CLAUDE ARPI • MAJ GEN DHRUV C KATOCH • CDR GURPREET S KHURANA • COL NARENDER KUMAR • WG CDR AJEY LELE • DR JAGANNATH P PANDA • AIR MARSHAL NARAYAN MENON • PROF PRIYADARSI MUKHERJI • PRAKASH NANDA • ASHISH PUNTAMBEKAR • CMDE RANJIT B RAI • B RAMAN • JAYADEVA RANADE • BHASKAR ROY • LT GEN VINAY SHANKAR • KANWAL SIBAL • LT GEN HARWANT SINGH • VICE ADMIRAL ARUN KUMAR SINGH • RSN SINGH • MAJ GEN SHERU THAPLIYAL

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Volume 4 (1958-62) looks into the last years of the Indian presence in Tibet. Delhi was living in a dream world; the reports from Lhasa should have alerted the government and at least opened the eyes of the Indian intelligence agencies; it was not to be the case.
The closure of the Indian Consulate in Lhasa in mid-December 1962 was the last straw; a few months earlier the Indian Trade Agencies in Yatung, Gyantse and Gartok had ceased to exist, bringing down the curtain on India’s presence in Tibet.
An era had come to an end; Mao’s China did not want any Indians in ‘its’ new colony; a sense of jealousy towards India prevailed.
Beijing clearly resented the existence of an age-old civilizational relation between India and Tibet and the goodwill of the Tibetans for India.

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It ends up with the visit of the Dalai Lama and the Panchen Lama (and Premier Zhou Enlai) to India.
The book will be officially launched on April 18.
Volume 1 Tibet: The Last Months of a Free Nation
The first volume recounted the tragedy that befell Tibet; not only had the Dalai Lama and his people lost their country, which had lived blissfully ignorant of the great revolutions reshaping the rest of the world, but it was a tragedy for India too which lost a peaceful neighbour.

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This volume shall go in depth into the slow deterioration of the age-old Indo-Tibet relations, gradually being replaced by a cruder relation with the new occupiers of Tibet. The Indian officials posted in Lhasa, Gyantse, Yatung or Gartok were the first to realize the true face of the Chinese ‘liberators’.
During this period, very few Tibetans had the courage to fight the ineluctable; most Tibetans, whether from the aristocracy or the clergy, collaborated with the occupying forces.
“Will Tibet ever find her soul again?” wrote the Indian Trade Agent in Gyantse in one of his reports.
The question is still hanging.

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Though some in Delhi did not realise it, it would soon be a tragedy for India too, as it had to suddenly live with a new neighbor, whose ideology was the opposite of Buddhist values.
The narrative starts soon after Independence and ends with the signing of the 17-Point Agreement in Beijing in May 1951 when Tibet lost its Independence …and India, a gentle neighbour.
Using never-accessed-before Indian archival material, this book is the first of a series of four books on the India-Tibet Relations (1947-62).

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This exhibition, using rare photos and illustrations, guide the reader through centuries of profound bonds between two ancient civilizations whose destinies have been, and still are, closely intermingled.
Cultural, religious and economic links were abruptly discontinued in 1962, but one can hope that it is only a temporary phase and the ancient links will flourish again.

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The British India policy towards Tibet and even the possibility for India to militarily defend the Roof of the World.The author also looks into why the Government still keeps the Henderson Brooks Report under wraps and what were Mao’s motivations for ‘teaching India a lesson’. Through out this series of essays, the thread remains the Tibet-India frontier in the North-East and the Indo-Chinese conflict. The more one digs into this question, the more one discovers that the entire issue is intimately linked with the history of modern Tibet; particularly the status of the Roof of the World as a de facto independent nation.British India had a Tibet Policy, Independent India, did not.This led to the unfortunate events of 1962.

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First, they invaded and forcibly occupied independent Tibet. Subsequently, to protect their flank in Tibet, the Chinese demand that Arunachal be part of China. Theoretically, even if India hands over conveniently termed Southern Tibet, they will want to occupy whole of Northeast to protect flanks of Arunachal.China primarily feels threatened by existence of the Union of India as it challenges their ambition of being the unilateral power leading Asia. Instead of integration of the citizenry and consolidation of different regions, our shortsighted politicians extend a helping hand to China and Pakistan by dividing Indians internally for vote-bank-politics.

Indians continue to live in isolated compartments of their making without inter-linkages with the big picture. This compartmentalized thinking is a cultural defect that ensures absence of connectivity with other multiple lateral tactical pictures. These small pictures if sensibly stitched together create ‘whole’ which helps in formulation of a grand strategy.

In this volume, Indian Defence Review with the help of its contributors provides, a fairly integrated picture of the multi-dimensional threat that China poses, and offers many fresh alternatives.
IN THIS VOLUME:
CLAUDE ARPI • MAJ GEN DHRUV C KATOCH • CDR GURPREET S KHURANA • COL NARENDER KUMAR • WG CDR AJEY LELE • DR JAGANNATH P PANDA • AIR MARSHAL NARAYAN MENON • PROF PRIYADARSI MUKHERJI • PRAKASH NANDA • ASHISH PUNTAMBEKAR • CMDE RANJIT B RAI • B RAMAN • JAYADEVA RANADE • BHASKAR ROY • LT GEN VINAY SHANKAR • KANWAL SIBAL • LT GEN HARWANT SINGH • VICE ADMIRAL ARUN KUMAR SINGH • RSN SINGH • MAJ GEN SHERU THAPLIYAL

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but to flee his country to take refuge in India.It took 20 years for the Tibetans to renew a dialogue with the leaders in Beijing. Soon after Deng Xiaoping’s return to power in 1978, the first contacts were made. Using rare documents, this is the story of thirty years of encounters between the Tibetan Administration in Dharamsala and Beijing.

Today the stalemate continues; Beijing refuses to offer any sort of concession to the Dalai Lama’s demand for a genuine autonomy for Tibet.<p> Just like the border ‘talks’ between India and China, the negotiations with Dharamsala have never really started. Reading through this book one understands how the relations between India and China are inextricably linked to the status of Tibet. Further, the present unrest in Tibet renders China unstable and increasingly belligerent towards India which gave refuge to the Tibetans.

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Decisions can be made with all good intentions — as in the case of Nehru who believed in an ‘eternal friendship’ with China — or with less good motives as for Mao. Decisions can be made out of weakness, greed, pragmatism, ignorance or fear, but once a choice is made, consequences unfold for years and decades thereafter.

The key to peace in Asia today lies on the Tibetan plateau. This study of the history of Tibet, a nation sandwiched between two giant neighbours, will help the student of geopolitics to grasp better the tumultuous relations between India and China, particularly the recent events in Tibet and the border dispute with Chinaunstable and increasingly belligerent towards India which gave refuge to the Tibetans.

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exceptional personality of Jean Monnet, a seminar-cum-round table was held at the India International Centre in Delhi on February 2, 2007.

This publication includes the proceedings of the Seminar and a talk by Dr Karan Singh on India and the Ideal of Human Unity.Chancellor Helmut Schmidt: “Monnet is the rare example, I should say the unique example, of a politician who could realize his objectives without this essential element of politics that is power.”US President John F. Kennedy to Jean Monnet: “You are transforming Europe by the power of a constructive idea.”.

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In the early 90’s, he started has writing on current affairs in the region, sharing with his readers his research on the history of the subcontinent.
This series of articles published over a span of ten years covers subjects as diverse as the Dalai Lama’s non-violent struggle for Tibet’s ‘genuine autonomy’, the rise of China, the Kashmir imbroglio and the relations between India and France, all subjects close to his heart.Written by an outsider by birth but insider by heart, the compilation leads the reader through these momentous times for the Asian continent.

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British empire. In signing this treaty with the Crown, Tibet was acknowledged as a separate nation by the British.

Ten years later, London called for a tripartite Conference in Simla to settle the issue: British India, Tibet and China sat together at a negotiation table for the first time. The Simla convention, born out of the Conference was still in force when India became independent in August 1947.However, an event changed the destiny of the land of Snows. In October 1950, Mao Zedong’s troops invaded Tibet. With this background, the present research looks at the genesis of the Panchsheel Agreement between India and China which converted the Land of snow into merely Tibet’s Region of China. A natural and cultural buffer zone between India and China disappeared.

The preamble of the Agreement contained the Five Principles which formed the main pillar of India’s foreign policy for the next fifty years. It was the beginning of the Hindi-Chini Bhai-Bhai policy and India’s non-aligned position. This policy still haunts an India unable to sort out her border tangle with China. The study concludes with some tentative but constructive proposals to come out of the current impasse.

In India, one often hears of Panchsheel, but few know that it only was an Agreement on Trade and Intercourse between the Tibet region of China and India signed between China and India on April 29, 1954. Since the preamble of this Agreement contained the famous Five Principles, it was dubbed the Panchsheel Agreement.

Though it lapsed in 1962 and was never renewed, it has kept its aura as the ideal solution for foreign relations. But its first consequence was that Tibet, a 2000 years-old nation, was erased from the map of Asia. During a debate in Parliament in 1958, the Socialist leader Acharya Kripalani stated:

This great doctrine was born in sin, because it was enunciated to put the seal of our approval upon the destruction of an ancient national which was associated with us spiritually and culturally. It was a nation which wanted to lives its own life and it sought to have been allowed to live its own life. The 1962 Sino-Indian conflict was another consequence of the Panchsheel Policy.

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to prove or even defend, because we were unaware that it was under threat. We simply regarded ourselves as ’the red faced, black haired people of the Land of Snow.’Our physical isolation lulled us into a sense of complacency that left us unprepared for the changes that were to come.Tibet’s long history has been marked by a close and creative interaction with our various neighbours.

In former times Tibetans were a war-like nation whose influence spread far and wide.With the advent of Buddhism our military prowess declined, but this change in attitude ultimately spawned rich new relations with India, China and Mongolia that were cultural and religious in nature. Sadly, we failed to develop sufficient political awareness for the times. Great changes were taking place all around us.

To the south India was gaining her independence and to the east China was undergoing civil war and revolution. Meanwhile, Tibet remained much the same. To our cost, we underestimated how these changes would affect us. However, I believe that since then our powerful neighbours have profoundly underestimated how the upheaval that has taken place in Tibet affects them.

As a neutral state at the heart of Asia, Tibet has traditionally acted as a buffer between India and China, both now nuclear powers. A buffer that presently no longer exists.As the ’roof of the world’ and the source of several great rivers, the Tibetan plateau has also great influence on regional climate, thus environmental changes there have far-reaching effects in East and South Asia.

Finally, as a rich repository of living Buddhist culture and tradition, Tibet has a great deal to offer in the quest for inner peace and the encouragement of nonviolence and peace in the world at large. In this book, Claude Arpi, an old friend of Tibet and Tibetans, deals with many of these themes. Taking a long perspective from ancient times to the present he shows how Tibet’s interests have always been interdependent with those of her neighbours and vice versa. Consequently, resolution of the current impasse on Tibet will only be settled by dialogue that acknowledges this reality.

I have proposed the establishment of Tibet as a Zone of Peace that would address the needs of our neighbours as well as our own. However, such a solution can only be achieved if all the interested parties are prepared to enter into discussions. Until now the Chinese side has resolutely avoided doing so. Claude Arpi has spent many years of his life in India and has acquired a thorough understanding of the Tibetan issue.

While he expresses an admiration for the good spirited resilience of Tibetans that has inspired him in his work, I would like to state my admiration for his own down to earth and practical attitude. He is a man who assesses what needs or can be done and settles down to doing it. This same approach is reflected in this book.I believe readers will find that he casts a much clear light on the issue of Tibet, which I hope will in turn inspire them to give support to our cause. July 15, 1999

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only the most external manifestations of deeper forces and struggles, in which many other factors, such past actions of individuals or nations, have to be taken into consideration.
The present study, through a very down-to-earth chronological narration, has tried to get glimpses of the greater forces and the larger implications of some events which occurred in Tibet during the first part of the twentieth century.This research is limited to the twentieth century, as the objective was just to give a gist of what went wrong in the recent past. There was no need to go further down in history to prove this point.

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August 15 of the same year. Two hundred years of British colonization of the Jewel in the Crown had come to an end.

This research based on seven letters written by Col. E.W. Fletcher, the British Consul General in Pondicherry, looks at the British attitude towards the French settlements in India during the period between the Viceroy’s announcement and the departure of the British.The interest in Fletcher’s dispatches is that they regularly and minutely informed the Department of External Affairs of British India in Delhi of the latest developments in Pondicherry.

The evolution of the political situation in French India is followed from a British officer’s perspective. This study is however balanced by other documents, mainly from the French Archives.

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He first came some twenty years ago, in January 1973, after having met the Mother in the Sri Aurobindo Ashram in Pondicherry. In January 1993, His Holiness the Dalai Lama has consented to be the Patron of the Pavilion of Tibetan Culture in Auroville. For five days before the visit of His Holiness the Dalai Lama, Auroville recorded the heaviest torrential rains it had witnessed for decades at this time of the year. Usually the SW monsoon is finished by early December and we thought that we would enough time to repair the roads.During the last weeks before the 23rd December, Auroville saw more activities that it had seen for years as we tried to get everything ready for the visit in particular the Sri Aurobindo Auditorium in Bharat Nivas and the site of the Pavilion.

The first small miracle of the visit was that in the afternoon of the 23rd when His Holiness reached Auroville at around 3 p.m., the rain stopped. He was first taken to Forecomers, which was the first settlement in Auroville; it used to be a bare plateau of red laterite and it is now a forest with hundreds of different species of trees.Knowing the Dalai Lama’s interest in environment, we had thought that he should first meet with the Aurovilians having worked on the regeneration of the life of the soil of Auroville. He then proceeded to Pitanga Hall, the multipurpose cultural centre for Auroville near Samasti.

To coincide with the Dalai-Lama’s visit an exhibit of the photographs of the renown Indian photographer Raghu Rai, taken from his book Tibet In Exile, was held for one month in Pitanga Hall where His Holiness took the opportunity to look at the Yoga and Dance class rooms.The Dalai Lama next visited the Matrimandir, the ‘Soul of Auroville’. He could sit with his close entourage and meditate in the Inner Chamber for a few minutes.

Before retiring to his room, he was taken to the orchid section of the Matrimandir Nursery where his deep knowledge of flowers and in particular, orchids impressed everyone present. On the 24th morning, after having given an interview to the Auroville’ monthly newspaper Auroville Today, His Holiness laid the Foundation Stone for the Pavilion of Tibetan Culture, under a cloudless sky, in Auroville’s International Zone.

It was a very intense moment, while he was laying the Foundation Stone (which had specially been brought from Tibet for the occasion), Tibetan monks from Ganden Monastery recited Tibetan prayers and later a group of children of Auroville sign Sanskrit Hymns to the Divine Mother.Before leaving the site, His Holiness planted a Christmas tree to commemorate the occasion of his visit.Before addressing Auroville in the Sri Aurobindo Auditorium, he paid a short visit to Auroville’s Future, the Architecture and Planning Office of Auroville. He could see the plans/maps of Auroville, in particular of the International zone and of the Tibetan Pavilion.

He then addressed a large gathering of Aurovilians and friends who had come from Pondicherry on one of His Holiness’ favorite theme: the importance of Love, Compassion for a society.Later we visited the Information & Reception Centre which is a large complex made of compressed earth blocks, where our visitor’s information centre, a boutique, a cafetaria and multipurpose exhibition rooms are located.His Holiness shown a lot of interest for the use of non-conventional sources of energies for the complex and in particular for the windmill.At the time of His Holiness’ visit, an exhibition was held in collaboration with the Italian Embassy in New Delhi. The team looking after the Italian Pavilion in Auroville had organized an Italian week in which artists from Italy are participating. This is part of the activities of the International Zone.

The Center for Scientific Research (CSR) is the place where many Tibetans have been trained in appropriate building technology (ferro-cement, mud bricks, chulas, etc…). It is also in collaboration with the CSR that the “Awareness Workshop for a Sustainable Future of Tibet” was held last July. Many of these training programs are made in collaboration with Aptt Trust of UK.At the end of the morning His Holiness went to Transition School where he met some 35 teachers and some senior students of Auroville. An extremely interesting debate followed on the different systems of education and in particular on non-formal education experiments attempted in Auroville schools.

Before leaving for Madras, His Holiness had a lunch in Dana Community with the team who had organized his visit to Auroville.It is difficult to sum up with words such an event in the life of Auroville but it will be surely be remembered by all as the great moments in Auroville history.This is due without doubt to the sincerity, the kindness, the compassion, the simplicity and humour to this man who like to say that he is just a simple monk.January 1994

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; the meaning and implications of the Treaty; the economic and cultural indo-French relations in Pondicherry fifty years later.

On June 3, 1947, Lord Mountbatten, the Viceroy called a Press Conference to announce that his government had decided to leave the Indian subcontinent by August 15 of the same year. Two hundred years of British colonization of the Jewel in the Crown had come to an end